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UNIT – I

Transformation, Projections, and Clipping Algorithms: Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm, Homogeneous Coordinate System for 2D and 3D, Various 2D, 3D Transformation matrices (Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Shear), Rotation about an arbitrary point (2D), Rotation about an arbitrary axis (3D), Computing location of V.P, Clipping Algorithms, Sutherland-Cohen Clipping Algorithm.                                        

UNIT – II

Curves and Surfaces: Bresenham’s Circle Drawing Algorithm, Bezier Curves, 4 point and 5 point Bezier curves using Bernstein Polynomials, Conditions for smoothly joining curve segments, Bezier bi-cubic surface patch, B-Spline Curves, Cubic B-Spline curves using uniform knot vectors, Testing for first and second order continuities   

 

UNIT – III

Projection and Solid Modelling: Parallel Projection, Oblique Projection on xy plane, Isometric Projection, Perspective Projection, One Vanishing Point (V.P.) projection from a point on z axis, Generation of 2 V.P. Projection, Isometric Projection, Perspective, Projection, one vanishing Pint (VP), projection from 0 point on z axis, Generation of 2 VP Projector & Projections, Solid Modelling.                                                  

 

UNIT – IV

Shading and Hidden Surface Removal: Shading, Illumination Model for diffused Reflection, Effect of ambient lighting, distances, Specular Reflection Model, Computing Reflection Vector, Curved Surfaces, Polygonal Approximations, Gourard Shading, Phong Model, Hidden Surface Removal, Back Face Detection, Depth Buffer (Z-Buffer, A-Buffer) Method, Scan Line Method, Depth Sorting Method, Area Subdivision Method.

                                                               

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         Foley et. al., “Computer Graphics Principles & practice”, Addison Wesley, 1999.

2.         David F. Rogers, “Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics”, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1985. 

REFERENCES BOOKS:

1.         D. Rogers and J. Adams, “Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics”, MacGraw-Hill International Edition, 1989.

2.         D. Hearn and P. Baker, “Computer Graphics”, Prentice Hall, 1986.

3.         R. Plastock and G. Kalley, “Theory and Problems of Computer Graphics”, Schaum’s Series, McGraw Hill, 1986.

 

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Software Testing

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UNIT – I

Introduction: What is software testing and why it is so hard?, Error, Fault, Failure, Incident, Test Cases, Testing Process, Limitations of Testing, No absolute proof of correctness, Overview of Graph Theory.                                                                      

UNIT - II

Functional Testing: Boundary Value Analysis, Equivalence Class Testing, Decision Table Based Testing, Cause Effect Graphing Technique. 

Structural Testing: Path testing, DD-Paths, Cyclomatic Complexity, Graph Metrics, Data Flow Testing, Mutation testing.                                                                     

 

UNIT - III

Reducing the number of test cases:

Prioritization guidelines, Priority category, Scheme, Risk Analysis, Regression Testing, Slice based testing

Testing Activities: Unit Testing, Levels of Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, Debugging, Domain Testing.                                                                           

 

UNIT - IV

Object Oriented Testing: Issues in Object Oriented Testing, Class Testing, GUI Testing, Object Oriented Integration and System Testing.

Testing Tools: Static Testing Tools, Dynamic Testing Tools, Characteristics of Modern Tools.                                                                                                      

 

 

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         William Perry, “Effective Methods for Software Testing”, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.

2.         Louise Tamres, “Software Testing”, Pearson Education Asia, 2002

3.         Robert V. Binder, “Testing Object-Oriented Systems-Models, Patterns and Tools”, Addison Wesley, 1999.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.         Cem Kaner, Jack Falk, Nguyen Quoc, “Testing Computer Software”, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1993.

2.         K.K. Aggarwal & Yogesh Singh, “Software Engineering”, 2^nd Ed., New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 2005

3.         Boris Beizer, “Software Testing Techniques”, Second Volume, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1990.

4.         Boris Beizer, “Black-Box Testing – Techniques for Functional Testing of Software and Systems”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1995.

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UNIT – I

Semiconductors Diodes and Rectifiers: Introduction, general  characteristics, energy levels, extrinsic materials n & p type, ideal diode, basic construction and characteristics, DC & AC resistance, equivalent circuits, drift & diffusion currents, transition & diffusion capacitance, reverse recovery times, temperature effects, diode specifications, different types of diodes (zener, varator, schottky, power tunnel, photodiode & LED), Half wave & full wave rectifiers

 

UNIT – II

Bipolar junction transistor: Introduction, Transistor, Construction, transistor operations, BJT characteristics, load line, operation point, leakage currents, saturation and cut off mode of operations Eber-mall’s model.

Bias stabilization: Need for stabilization, fixed Bias, emitter bias, self bias, bias stability with resfpect of variations in I_co, V_be & b, stabilization factors, thermal stability.        

 

UNIT – III

Small Signal Amplifiers: CB, CE, CC configurations, hybrid model for transistor at low frequencies, RC coupled amplifiers.

Field Effect Transistors: Classification & characteristics, operating point, biasing, enhancement & depletion type MOSFETS.                                                        

 

UNIT – IV

Operational Amplifier: Ideal OPAMP, OPAMP stages, OPAMP Parameters, equivalent circuit, Ideal voltage transfer curve, open loop OPAMP configuration, closed loop OPAMP configuration, OPAMP applications: comparator, current sources, rectifiers, first and second order filters, summer, integrator, differentiators, Clipper, clamper, waveform generators, instrumentation amplifier, log, antilog amplifier.                               

 

Text Books

1.         J. Millman and Halkias, “Electronic devices and circuits” TMH, 1999.

2.         Salivahanan, Suresh Kumar,  Vallavaraj, “Electronic devices and circuits” TMH, 1999

Reference Book

1.         J. Millman and Halkias, “Integrated Electronics, Analog & Digital Circuits & Systems” TMH – 2000.

2.         Boylestad & Nashelsky, “Electronic Devices & Circuit Theory” PHI – VIth Edition.

3.         Sedra & Smith, “Micro Electronic Circuits” Oxford University Press, 2000

4.         J.B.Gupta, “Electronic Devices & Circuits” S. K. Kataria, IInd Edition.

 

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Unit-I

Introduction to continuous and discrete signals, their classification and types, periodic waveforms and signal synthesis, LTI systems and their properties; system modeling in terms of differential equations and transient response of R, L, C circuits for impulse, step, ramp, sinusoidal and exponential signals.

 

Unit-II

Laplace Transform: Review of properties and applications of Laplace transform of complex waveform and transient response of R, L, C series, parallel, series-parallel circuits for all kinds of excitations.

 

Unit-III

Graph theory and its applications, two port networks – z, y, ABCD, h, g, inverse ABCD parameters their interconversion, interconnection of two 2-port networks, concept of transform impedance, Network theorems: Reciprocity, Superposition, Thevenin, Norton, Millman, Maximum Power Transfer and Tellegan

 

Unit IV

Elements of Network Synthesis:  Foster’s I and II, Cauer’s I& II forms, Synthesis of LC, RC, RL Networks

Text Books:

1. Valkenburg, “ Network analysis” PHI, 2000.
2. D. R. Choudhary, “Networks and Systems” New Age International, 1999.

 

Reference Books

1.         Bhise, Chadda, Kulshreshtha, “ Engineering network analysis and filter design” Umesh publication, 2000.

2.         Kuo, “Network analysis and synthesis” John Weily and Sons, 2^nd Edition.

 

 

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UNIT – I

Formal Logic: Statement, Symbolic Representation and Tautologies, Quantifiers, Predicator and validity, Normal form. Propositional Logic, Predicate Logic, Logic Programming and Proof of correctness.

Proof, Relation and Analysis of Algorithm: Techniques for theorem proving: Direct Proof, Proof by Contra position, Proof by exhausting cares and proof by contradiction, principle of mathematical induction, principle of complete induction. Recursive definitions, solution methods for linear, first-order recurrence relations with constant coefficients, Analysis of Algorithms involving recurrence relations-recursive binary search, quick sort, solution method for a divide-and-conquer recurrence relation.                           

 

UNIT – II

Sets and Combinations: Sets, Subtracts, powersets, binary and unary operations on a set, set operations/set identities, fundamental country principles, principle of inclusion, exclusion and pigeonhole principle, permutation and combination, pascal’s triangles, binominal theorem, representation of discrete structures.

Relation/function and matrices: Rotation, properties of binary rotation, operation on binary rotation, closures, partial ordering, equivalence relation, Function properties of function, composition of function, inverse, binary and n-ary operations, characteristics for, Permutation function, composition of cycles, Boolean matrices, Boolean matrices multiplication.                                                                                                    

 

UNIT – III

Lattices & Boolean Algebra: Lattices: definition, sublattices, direct product, homomorphism Boolean algebra: definition, properties, isomorphic structures (in particulars, structures with binary operations)  subalgebra, direct product and homo-morphism, Boolean function, Boolean expression, representation & minimization of Boolean function.

                                                                                                                      

UNIT – IV

Graph Theory: Terminology, isomorphic  graphs, Euler’s formula (proof) four color problem (without proof) and the chromatic number of a graph, five color theorem. Trees terminology, directed graphs, Computer representation of graphs, Warshall’s, algorithms, Decision Trees,  Euler path & hamiltonian circuits, Shortest path & minimal spanning trees, Depth-first and breadth first searchs, trees associated with DFS & BFS). Connected components, in order, preorder & post order trees traversal algorithms.      

TEXT BOOKS:

1.             Keneth H. Rosen, “Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications”, TMH, 1999.

2.             C.L. Liu, “Elements of Discrete Mathematics”, TMH, 2000.

REFERENCES BOOKS:

1.             Kolman, Busby & Ross, “Discrete Mathematical Structures”, PHI, 1996.

2.             Narsingh Deo, “Graph Theory With Application to Engineering and Computer Science”, PHI, 2004.

3.             J. P. Trembly & P. Manohar, “Discrete Mathematical Structures with Applications to Computer Science”, McGraw Hill, 1997.

4.             Vinay Kumar, “Discrete Mathematics”, BPB Publications, 1998.

 

 

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UNIT – I

Introduction: Introducing Object-Oriented Approach related to other paradigms (functional, data decomposition), Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages.

Basic terms and ideas: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Information hiding, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Review of C, Difference between C and C++, cin, cout, new, delete operators.                                                                                                   

 

UNIT – II

Classes and Objects: Abstract data types, Object & classes, attributes, methods, C++ class declaration, State identity and behavior of an object, Constructors and destructors, instantiation of objects, Default parameter value, Copy Constructor, Static Class Data, Constant and Classes, C++ garbage collection, dynamic memory allocation.

UNIT – III

Inheritance and Polymorphism: Inheritance, Types of Inheritance, Class hierarchy, derivation – public, private & protected, Aggregation, composition vs classification hierarchies, Polymorphism, Type of Polymorphism – Compile time and runtime, Method polymorphism, Polymorphism by parameter, Operator overloading, Parametric polymorphism, Generic function – template function, function name overloading, Overriding inheritance methods                                                                          

 

UNIT – IV

Files and Exception Handling: Persistant objects, Streams and files, Namespaces, Exception handling, Generic Classes

Standard Template Library: Standard Template Library, Overview of Standard Template Library, Containers, Algorithms, Iterators, Other STL Elements, The Container Classes, General Theory of Operation, Vectors.

 

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         A.R.Venugopal, Rajkumar, T. Ravishanker “Mastering C++”, TMH, 1997.

2.         R. Lafore, “Object Oriented Programming using C++”, BPB Publications, 2004.

3.         Schildt Herbert, “C++ Programming”, 2^nd Edition, Wiley DreamTech.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.         D . Parasons, “Object Oriented Programming with  C++”, BPB Publication, 1999.

2.         Steven C. Lawlor, “The Art of Programming Computer Science with C++”, Vikas Publication, 2002.

3.         Yashwant Kanethkar, “Object Oriented Programming using C++”, BPB, 2004.

 

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UNIT – I

Preliminaries: Review of growth of functions, Recurrences: The substitution method, The iteration method, The master method, Data Structures for Disjoint Sets.

Divide and Conquer Approach: Merge Sort, Quick sort, Medians and Order statistics, Strassen’s algorithm for Matrix Multiplications.                              

 

UNIT – II

Dynamic Programming: Elements of Dynamic Programming, Matrix Chain Multiplication, Longest common subsequence and optimal binary search trees problems.

Greedy Algorithms: Elements of Greedy strategy, An activity selection problem, Huffman Codes, A task scheduling problem.                                                                   

 

UNIT – III

Graph Algorithms: Representation of Graphs, Breadth First Search, Depth First Search, Topological Sort, Strongly Connected Components, Algorithm for Kruskal’s and Prim’s for finding Minimum cost Spanning Trees, Dijkstra’s and Bellman Fort Algorithm for finding Single source shortest paths. All pair shortest paths and matrix multiplication, Floyd – Warshall algorithm for all pair shortest paths.                                       

 

UNIT – IV

String matching: The naïve String Matching algorithm, The Rabin-Karp Algorithm, String Matching with finite automata, The Knuth-Morris Pratt algorithm.

NP-Complete Problem: Polynomial-time verification, NP-Completeness and Reducibility, NP-Completeness Proof, NP-Complete problems.                                   

 

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, Clifford Stein, “Introduction to Algorithms”, 2^nd Ed., PHI, 2004.

REFERENCES BOOKS:

1.         A. V. Aho, J. E. Hopcroft, J. D. Ullman, “The Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms”, Addition Wesley, 1998.

2.         Ellis Horowitz and Sartaz Sahani, “Computer Algorithms”, Galgotia Publications, 1999.

3.         D. E. Knuth, “The Art of Computer Programming”, 2^nd Ed., Addison Wesley, 1998

 

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UNIT – I

Basic Concepts and Conceptual Database Design: Database administrator & Database Users, Characteristics of the Database, Database Systems, Concepts and Architecture, Data Models, Schemes & Instances, DBMS Architecture & Data Independence, Database Languages & Interfaces, Overview of Hierarchical, Network & Relational Data Base Management Systems, Data Modelling Using The Entity-Relationship Model – Entities, Attributes and Relationships, Cardinality of Relationships, Strong and Weak Entity Sets, Generalization, Specialization, and Aggregation, Translating your ER Model into Relational Model

    

UNIT – II

Relational Model, Languages & Systems: Relational Data Model & Relational Algebra, Relational Model Concepts, Relational Model Constraints, Relational Algebra, SQL – A Relational Database Language, Data Definition in SQL, View and Queries in SQL, Specifying Constraints and Indexes in SQL, Practicing SQL commands using ORACLE.                                                                                                                 

UNIT – III

Relational Data Base Design and Oracle Architecture: Functional Dependencies & Normalization for Relational Databases, Functional Dependencies, Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys, (1NF, 2NF, 3NF & BCNF), Lossless Join and Dependency Preserving Decomposition, Oracle 8 Architecture, Database Storage, Oracle Software Structures, Shared Database Access Mechanism, Database Protection.                                       

UNIT – IV

Transaction Management: Transaction Concept and State, Implementation of Atomicity and Durability, Concurrent Executions, Serializability, Recoverability, Implementation of Isolation, Concurrency Control Techniques, Lock-Based Protocols, Timestamp-based Protocols, Deadlock Handling, Recovery System, Failure Classification, Storage Structure, Recovery and Atomicity, Log-based Recovery, Shadow Paging, Recovery with Concurrent Transactions, Buffer Management, Indexing, Hashing and Query Processing: Query Processing, Overview, Measures of Query Cost, Selection Operation, Sorting, Join Operation, Other Operations, Evaluation of Expressions, Concepts of Object Oriented Database Management Systems, Distributed Data Base Management Systems.    

                                                                    

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         Korth, Silberschatz, “Database System Concepts”, 4^th Ed., TMH, 2003.

2.         Steve Bobrowski, “Oracle 8 Architecture”, TMH, 2000

REFERENCES BOOKS:

1.         C. J. Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, 7^th Ed., Narosa Publishing, 2004

2.         Elmsari and Navathe, “Fundamentals of Database Systmes”, 4^th Ed., A. Wesley, 2004

3.         J. D. Ullman, “Principles of Database Systems”, 2^nd Ed., Galgotia Publications, 1999.

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UNIT – I

Introductory Concepts: Multimedia – Definitions, CD-ROM and the Multimedia Highway, Uses of Multimedia, Introduction to making multimedia – The Stages of project, the requirements to make good multimedia, Multimedia skills and training, Training opportunities in Multimedia. Motivation for multimedia usage, Frequency domain analysis, Application Domain & ODA etc.

Multimedia-Hardware and Software: Multimedia Hardware – Macintosh and Windows production Platforms, Hardware peripherals – Connections, Memory and storage devices, Media software – Basic tools, making instant multimedia, Multimedia software and Authoring tools, Production Standards.                                                        

 

UNIT – II

Multimedia – making it work – multimedia building blocks – Text, Sound, Images, Animation and Video, Digitization of Audio and Video objects, Data Compression: Different Compression algorithms concern to text, audio, video and images etc., Working Exposure on Tools like Dream Weaver, 3D Effects, Flash Etc.,                                    

 

UNIT – III

Multimedia and the Internet: History, Internet working, Connections, Internet Services, The World Wide Web, Tools for the WWW – Web Servers, Web Browsers, Web page makers and editors, Plug-Ins and Delivery Vehicles, HTML, VRML, Designing for the WWW – Working on the Web, Multimedia Applications – Media Communication, Media Consumption, Media Entertainment, Media games.                                           

UNIT – IV

Multimedia-looking towards Future: Digital Communication and New Media, Interactive Television, Digital Broadcasting, Digital Radio, Multimedia Conferencing,

Assembling and delivering a project-planning and costing, Designing and Producing, content and talent, Delivering, CD-ROM technology.                                         

 

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         Steve Heath, “Multimedia & Communication Systems”, Focal Press, UK, 1999.

2.         Tay Vaughan, “Multimedia: Making it work”, TMH, 1999.

3.         K. Andleigh and K. Thakkar, “Multimedia System Design”, PHI, PTR, 2000.

 

REFERENCES BOOKS:

1.         Keyes, “Multimedia Handbook”, TMH, 2000.

2.         Ralf Steinmetz and Klara Naharstedt, “Multimedia: Computing, Communications & Applications”, Pearson, 2001.

3.         Steve Rimmer, “Advanced Multimedia Programming”, MHI, 2000.

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UNIT – I

Parallel computer models: The state of computing , Multiprocessors and multicomputers, Multivector and SIMD computers, Architectural development tracks

Program and network properties :Conditions of parallelism, Data and resource dependences,Hardware and software parallelism,Program partitioning and scheduling, Grain size and latency, Program flow mechanisms,Control flow versus data flow,Data flow architecture,Demand driven mechanisms,Comparisons of flow mechanisms

 

UNIT - II

System Interconnect Architectures : Network properties and routing, Static interconnection networks, Dynamic interconnection Networks, Multiprocessor system interconnects, Hierarchical bus systems, Crossbar switch and multiport memory,Multistage and combining network.

Processors and Memory Hierarchy : Advanced processor technology, Instruction-set Architectures,CISC Scalar Processors, RISC Scalar Processors, Superscalar Processors,VLIW Architectures, Vector and Symbolic processors

Memory Technology :Hierarchical memory technology, Inclusion, Coherence and Locality, Memory capacity planning, Virtual Memory Technology                          

 

UNIT - III

Backplane Bus System: Backplane bus specification, Addressing and timing protocols, Arbitration transaction and interrupt, Cache addressing models, Direct mapping and associative caches.

Pipelining :Linear pipeline processor, Nonlinear pipeline processor, Instruction pipeline design, Mechanisms for instruction pipelining, Dynamic instruction scheduling, Branch handling techniques, Arithmetic Pipeline Design, Computer arithmetic principles, Static arithmetic pipeline, Multifunctional arithmetic pipelines                      

UNIT - IV

Vector Processing Principles : Vector instruction types, Vector-access memory schemes.

Synchronous Parallel Processing : SIMD Architecture and Programming Principles, SIMD Parallel Algorithms, SIMD Computers and Performance Enhancement       ]

 

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         Kai Hwang, “Advanced computer architecture”; TMH, 2000.

REFERENCES BOOKS:

1.         J.P.Hayes, “computer Architecture and organization”, MGH, 1998.

2.         M.J Flynn, “Computer Architecture, Pipelined and Parallel Processor Design”, Narosa Publishing, 1998.

3.         D.A.Patterson, J.L.Hennessy, “Computer Architecture :A quantitative approach”, Morgan Kauffmann, 2002.

4.         Hwang and Briggs, “ Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing”; MGH, 2000.

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UNIT - I

Classification of grammars, Context free grammars, Deterministic finite state automata (DFA) Non-DFA.

 

UNIT - II

Scanners, Top down parsing, LL grammars, Bottom up parsing, Polish expression Operator Precedence grammar, IR grammars, Comparison of parsing methods, Error handling.

 

Symbol table handling techniques, Organization for non-block and block structured languages.                                                                                                

 

UNIT - III

Run time storage administration, Static and dynamic allocation, Intermediate forms of source program, Polish N-tuple and syntax trees, Semantic analysis and code generation.

 

UNIT - IV

Code optimization, Folding, redundant sub-expression evaluation, Optimizatiion within iterative loops.                                                                                            

 

 

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         Tremblay, et. al., “The Theory and Practice of Compiler Writing”, McGraw Hill, New York, 1985.

2.         A. Holub, “Compiler Design in C”, PHI, 2004

3.         Aho, Ullman & Ravi Sethi, “Principles of Compiler Design”, Pearson Education, 2002

REFERENCES BOOKS:

1.         Andrew L. Appel, “Modern Compiler Implementation in C”, Delhi, Foundation Books, 2000.

2.         Dick Grune et. Al., “Modern Compiler Design”, Wiley Dreamtech, 2000.

 

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UNIT – I

MOS Transistor Theory: nMOS Enhancement Transistor, pMOS Enhancement transistor, Threshold voltage, Fabrication of MOSFET: Silicon Semiconductor technology, Wafter processing, Oxidation, Epitaxy, Deposition, Ion-implanation and diffusion, The silicon gate Process, CMOS Technology, basic n-well cmos process, p-well process, twin tub process CMOS process enhancement: metal interconnect, Polysilicon / Refractory metal interconnect, Circuit element: Resistor, Capacitor.                                    

 

UNIT – II

Operation of MOS transistor as a switch, Design and analysis of nMOS, pMOS and CMOS circuits, CMOS Logic, The Inverter, NAND gate, NOR Gate, Compound Gate.

                                                                                                                 

UNIT – III

Modeling of MOS transistors using SPICE, MOS Inverters: Static Characteristics, MOS Inverters: Switching Characteristics and Interconnect Effects, Combinational MOS Logic Circuits: MUX, DMUX, Transmission gate, Differential Inverter, Tristate Inverter.

                                                                                                              

 

UNIT – IV

Sequential MOS Logic Circuits, Dynamic Logic Circuits, Semiconductor Memories.

 

TEXT BOOK:

1.         Sung-Mo Kang and Yusuf Leblebici, “CMOS – Digital Integrated Circuits Analysis and Design”, TMH, 2004.

 

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.         Douglas A. Pucknell, “Basic VLSI Design, 3^rd Edition, 2004.

2.         Neil H. E. Weste & K. Eshranghian, “Principles of CMOS VLSI design”, 2^nd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2003.

3.         S. M. Sze, “VLSI Technology, Wiley, 2000.

4.         Demassa & Ciccone, “Digital Integrated Circuits”, Wiley Publications, 2003.

5.         Jacob Millman and Arvin Grabel, “Microelectronics”, TMH, 2004.

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UNIT -I

Introduction And Digital Image Fundamentals: The origins of Digital Image Processing, Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing, Fundamentals Steps in Image Processing, Elements of Digital Image Processing Systems, Image Sampling and Quantization, Some basic relationships like Neighbours, Connectivity, Distance Measures between pixels, Linear and Non Linear Operations.

Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain: Some basic Gray Level Transformations, Histogram Processing, Enhancement Using Arithmetic and Logic operations, Basics of Spatial Filters, Smoothening and Sharpening Spatial Filters, Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods.                                                                                                 

 

UNIT - II

Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain: Introduction to Fourier Transform and the frequency Domain, Smoothing and Sharpening Frequency Domain Filters, Homomorphic Filtering.

Image Restoration: A model of The Image Degradation / Restoration Process, Noise Models, Restoration in the presence of Noise Only Spatial Filtering, Pereodic Noise Reduction by Frequency Domain Filtering, Linear Position-Invarient Dedradations, Estimation of Degradation Function, Inverse filtering, Wiener filtering, Constrained Least Square Filtering, Geometric Mean Filter, Geometric Transformations.  

UNIT  - III

Image Compression: Coding, Interpixel and Psychovisual Redundancy, Image Compression models, Elements of Information Theory, Error free comparison, Lossy compression, Image compression standards.

Image Segmentation: Detection of Discontinuities, Edge linking and boundary detection, Thresholding, Region Oriented Segmentation, Motion based segmentation

 

UNIT - IV

Representation and Description: Representation, Boundary Descriptors, Regional Descriptors, Use of Principal Components for Description, Introduction to Morphology, Some basic Morphological Algorithms.

Object Recoginition: Patterns and Pattern Classes, Decision-Theoretic Methods, Structural Methods.                                                                                              

 

TEXT BOOKS:

1.         Rafael C. Conzalez & Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, 2^nd edition,  Pearson Education, 2002.

2.         A.K. Jain, “Fundamental of Digital Image Processing”, PHI, 1989.

REFERENCES:

1.         Bernd Jahne, “Digital Image Processing”, 5^th Ed., Springer, 2002.

2.         William K Pratt, “Digital Image Processing: Piks Inside”, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

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UNIT-I

Concepts and Fundamentals: Meaning of communication,              Importance of communication, Communication scope, Process of communication, Communication models and theories, Essentials of good communication - The seven Cs of communication, Factors responsible for growing importance of communication, Channels of communication, Verbal and Non-Verbal communication, Formal and Informal communication, Barriers of communication                                                                               

 

UNIT-II

Written Communication: Objectives of written Communication, Media of written communication, Merits and demerits of written communication, Planning business messages.

Writing Letters:  Business letters, Office memorandum, Good news and bad news letters, Persuasive letters, Sales letters, Letter styles/ layout.

Report Writing: Meaning & Definition, Types of report (Business report & Academic report), Format of report, Drafting the report, Layout of the report, Essential requirement of good report writing.

Language Skills: Improving command in English, Choice of words, Common problems with verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, punctuation, prefix, suffix etc.                                                                                                                                   

UNIT-III

Oral Communication: Principles of effective oral communication, Media of oral communication, Advantages of oral communication, Disadvantages of oral communication, Styles of oral communication. 

Interviews: Meaning & Purpose, Art of interviewing, Types of interview, Interview styles, Essential Features, Structure, Guidelines for Interviewer, Guide lines for interviewee.

Meetings: Definition, Kind of meetings, Advantages and disadvantages of meetings/ committees, Planning and organization of meetings.

Job Application: Types of application, Form & Content of an application, drafting the application, Preparation of resume.

Project Presentations: Advantages & Disadvantages, Executive Summary, Charts, Distribution of time (presentation, questions & answers, summing up), Visual presentation, Guidelines for using visual aids, Electronic media (power-point presentation).

Arts of Listening: Good listening for improved communications, Art of listening, Meaning, nature and importance of listening, Principles of good listening, Barriers in listening                                                                                                                                 

UNIT-IV

Business Negotiation: Definition of negotiation, Factors that can influence negotiation, what skills do we need to negotiate, Negotiation process (preparation, proposals, discussions, bargaining, agreement, implementation).                                                  

TEXT BOOK:

 1.      Rayudu, “C.S- Communication”, Himalaya Publishing House, 1994.

 

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.         Reuben Ray, “Communication Today: Understanding Creative Skill”, Himalaya Publication House, 2001

2.         Malra Treece, “Successful Communication for Business and Management”, Prentice Hall, 1997.

3.         Bovee & Thill, “Business Communication Today”, McGraw Hill, 2003

4.         Murphy and Hildebrandt, “Effective of Business Communication”, 5^th Ed., New York McGraw, 1988.

5.            Rajendra Pal and J.S Korlahalli, “Essential of Business Communication”, Sultan Chand and sons, 1997.

6.         K. K. Sinha, “Business Communication”, Galgotia, 2003

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UNIT - I

What are computers? The evolution of computers, Classification of computers.

Block Diagram: Input-output devices, Description of Computer Input Units, Other Input Methods, and Computer Output Units.

Computer Memory: Memory Cell, Memory Organization, Read Only Memory, Serial Access Memory, Physical Devices Used to construct Memories, Magnetic Hard disk, floppy Disk Drives, Compact Disk Read Only Memory, Magnetic Tape Drives.           

 

UNIT - II

Low level and high level languages, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, linkers, algorithms, flow charting, decision tables, pseudo code, software software concepts: system & application software packages.

Computer Generation & Classifications: First Generation of Computers, The Second Generation, The Generation, The fourth Generation, The Fifth Generation, Classification of Computers, Distributed Computer System, Parallel Computers.            

 

UNIT - III

Operating System concepts, different types of operating systems, structure of operating system, DOS/UNIX/LINUX commands, working with Windows, Windows 9x/NT/XP, Data Processing, File Systems and Database Management Systems, different types of Database Management System.                                                                                             

 

UNIT – IV

Basic elements of a communication system, Data transmission modes, Data Transmission speed, Data transmission media, Digital and Analog Transmission, Network topologies, Network Types (LAN, WAN and MAN), OSI & TCP/IP Model, Internet: Network, Client and Servers, Host & Terminals, TCP/IP, World Wide Web, Hypertext, Uniform Resource Locator, Web Browsers, IP Address, Domain Name, Internet Services Providers, Internet Security, Internet Requirements, Web Search Engine, Net Surfing, Internet Services, Intranet.                                                                                                                    

                                   

TEXT:

1.         Alex Leon & Mathews Leon, “Fundamentals of Information Technology”,  Leon Techworld, 1999.

2.         Vikas Gupta, “Comdex Computer Kit”, Wiley Dreamtech, Delhi, 2004

3.         P. K. Sinha & Priti Sinha , “Computer Fundamentals”, BPB Publications, 1992.

 

 

REFERENCES:

1.         V. Raja Raman, “Introduction to Computers”, PHI, 1998.

2.         Alex Leon & Mathews Leon, “Introduction to Computers”, Vikas Publishing House, 1999.

3.         Norton Peter, “Introduction to computers”, 4^th Ed., TMH, 2001.

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UNIT-I

Boolean Algebra

Basics Laws of Boolean Algebra, Logic Gates, Simplifications of Boolean equations using K-maps, Code Conversion, (Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal), Overview of Gray codes and Excess – 3 codes.                                                                         

 

UNIT-II

Arithmetic Circuits

Adder, Subtractor, Parallel binary adder/Subtractor, binary multiplier and dibvider.

Combinational Circuits

Multiplexers, De-Multiplexers, decoders, encoders, Design of code converters.

 

UNIT-III

Flip-flops

S-R, D, J-K, T, Clocked Flip-flop, Race around condition, Master slave Flip-Flop, Realisation of one flip-flop using other flip-flop.

Shift Registers

Serial-in-serial-out, serial-in-parallel-out, parallel-in-serial-out and parallel-in-parallel-out, Bi-directional shift register.                                                                                  

 

 

UNIT-IV

Counters

Ripple counter, Synchronous Counter, Modulo Counters, Ring Counter, Twisted Ring Counter.

Memory Devices - RAM, ROM, PAL & PLA                                       

 

 

TEXT BOOKS

1.         Moris Mano, “Digital Logic and Computer Design”, PHI Publications, 2002

2.         R. P. Jain, “Modern Digital Electronics”, TMH, 3^rd Edition, 2003.

 

REFERENCES:        

1.            R.L.Tokheim, “Digital Electronics, Principles and Applications”, Tata McGraw Hill, 1999.

2.            W.Gothman, “Digital electronics”, PHI.

3.         S. Salivahanan & S. Arivyhgan. “Digital circuits and design”, Vikas Publication, 2001

4.            Malvino Leach, "Digital Principles and Application", TMH, 1999.

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UNIT-I

Arrays: Representation of single and multidimensional arrays; sparse arrays- lower and upper triangular matrices and Tri-diagonal matrices

Stacks and Queues: Introduction and primitive operations on stack; Stack application: Infix, postfix, prefix expressions; Evaluation of postfix expression; Conversion from infix to postfix.Introduction and primitive operation on queues, D-queues and priority queues.

                                                                                

 

UNIT-II

Lists: Introduction to linked lists; Sequential and linked lists, operations such as traversal, insertion, deletion, searching, Two way lists and Use of headers

Trees: Introduction and terminology; Traversal of binary trees; Recursive algorithms for tree operations such as traversal, insertion, deletion;                                           

 

UNIT-III

Multilevel indexing and B-Trees: Introduction: The invention of the B-tree; Statement of the problem; Indexing with binary search trees; Multilevel indexing, a better approach to tree indexes; B-trees: working up from the bottom; Example for creating a B-tree.

 

UNIT-IV

Sorting Techniques: Insertion sort, selection sort, merge sort, heap sort.

Searching Techniques: linear search, binary search and hashing              

 

 

TEXT:

1.         E. Horowitz and S. Sahani, “Fundamentals of Data Structures”, Galgotia Booksource Pvt. Ltd, 2003

2.         R. S. Salaria,  “Data Structure & Algorithms”, Khanna Book Publishing Co. (P) Ltd., 2002.

 

REFERENCES:

1.         P. S. Deshpande and O.G. Kakde, “C & Data Structure”, Wiley Dreamtech, 1^st Edition, 2003.

2.         Y. Langsam et. al., “Data Structures using C and C++”, PHI, 1999.

3.            Schaum’s outline series, “Data Structure”, TMH, 2002

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UNIT-I

Visual Basic: Variable Names, Data Types, Assignment, If-then, If-then-else, if then-elseif-else, expression, print statement, arrays, variable declaration, built-in & User defined types, Subroutine and functions, Boolean Operators, Arithmetic Operator, For- .next, do loop, while-wend, procedure/Public, Private and Static & Dim Statement.         

UNIT-II

Structure of VB program, Forms & built in controls, Properties and events, Code Module, Scale Modes, Printer Object (Printing text, setting Fonts, graphics), Common dialog Boxes, picture controls, image-controls, send keys, MS-Common Controls, Error Handling, Classes, Control Arrays, MDI, SDI.

File Handling – Text and Binary Files, Files System Orbit Object.         

 

UNIT-III

Database Interface: Review of ANSI SQL, ODBC, Pass through ODBC, DAO, MS-Jet Engine, DB-Engine, Workspaces, Databases, recordsets, Data bound controls, ActiveX controls, ADO, Active X Data controls, RDO

Data view Window, Data Environment Designer, Crystal Report and Data Report Utility Using Visual Basic (VB) for Transaction Management, Concurrency Control, Interfacing with RDBMS, Backend Stored procedure Usage.                                

           

UNIT-IV

Help Writing: Building a help, System, Building & Topics File, Labeling the topics, Creating a help project, primary & secondary help window, linking to internet, Adding Multimedia, Using HTML help workshop, content sensitive help, help file.

Overview of COM/DCOM using Windows API Functions, MAPI interface, Microsoft Transaction Server, Visual source safe, VB Script.                                          

 

TEXT:

1.         E. Petroutsos, “Mastering Visual Basic 6.0”, BPB Publications, 1998.

2.         Perry, Greg, “Teach Yourself Visual Basic 6 in 21 Days”, Techmedia, 1998.

REFERENCES:

1.         E. Petroutsos, “Mastering Database Programming with Visual Basic 6”, BPB Publications, 2000

2.         Norton Peter, “Peter Norton’s Guide to Visual Basic 6”, Techmedia, 1998.

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UNIT – I

Introduction: Introducing Object-Oriented Approach, Relating to other paradigms (functional, data decomposition).

Basic terms and ideas: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Review of C, Difference between C and C++ - cin, cout, new, delete operators.

 

UNIT – II

Classes and Objects: Encapsulation, information hiding, abstract data types, Object & classes, attributes, methods, C++ class declaration, State identity and behavior of an object, Constructors and destructors, instantiation of objects, Default parameter value, object types, C++ garbage collection, dynamic memory allocation, Metaclass/abstract classes.

 

UNIT – III

Inheritance and Polymorphism: Inheritance, Class hierarchy, derivation – public, private & protected, Aggregation,  composition vs classification hierarchies, Polymorphism, Categorization of polymorphism techniques, Method polymorphism, Polymorphism by parameter, Operator overloading, Parametric polymorphism,         

 

UNIT – IV

Generic function – template function, function name overloading, Overriding inheritance methods, Run time polymorphism, Multiple Inheritance.

 

Files and Exception Handling: Persistant objects, Streams and files, Namespaces, Exception handling, Generic Classes

 

TEXT:

1.            A.R.Venugopal, Rajkumar, T. Ravishanker “Mastering C++”, TMH, 1997.

2.         S. B. Lippman & J. Lajoie, “C++ Primer”, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2000.

 

REFERENCE:

1.         R. Lafore, “Object Oriented Programming using C++”, Galgotia Publications, 2004.

2.         D . Parasons, “Object Oriented Programming with  C++”, BPB Publication.

3.         Steven C. Lawlor, “The Art of Programming Computer Science with C++”, Vikas Publication.

4.         Schildt Herbert, “C++: The Complete Reference”, 4^th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill, 1999.

5.         Tony Gaddis, Watters, Muganda, “Object-Oriented Programming in C++”, 3^rd Ed., Wiley Dreamtech, 2004.

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